Bactrian Camel

In News: Two Bactrian camels, Galwan and Nubra, will feature in the Republic Day Parade 2026 as part of the Indian Army’s Animal Contingent, showcasing Ladakh’s cold-desert ecology and cultural heritage.

About Bactrian Camel

What is it?

• A double-humped camel adapted to extreme cold and arid conditions of Central Asian cold deserts.
• Unlike the single-humped dromedary camel, it is suited for sub-zero temperatures.

Distribution

India

• Found only in Ladakh, mainly in the Nubra Valley.
• Represents a unique cold-desert livestock species in India.

Global

• Mongolia, China, Kazakhstan, Other parts of Central Asia

Origin & History

1. Domesticated around 5,000–6,000 years ago in Central Asia.
2. Named after Bactria, an ancient region covering parts of modern Uzbekistan and West Kazakhstan.
3. Historically crucial for Silk Route trade, transport, and survival in cold deserts.

Types & Conservation Status

Type

Scientific Name

IUCN Status

Wild Bactrian Camel

Camelus ferus

Critically Endangered

Domestic Bactrian Camel

Camelus bactrianus

Not threatened

Key Adaptations & Characteristics

Physical Adaptations

1. Two humps store fat (not water) for energy during scarcity.
2. Thick shaggy winter coat protects against extreme cold; shed in summer.
3. Broad, padded hooves prevent sinking in sand and snow.

Physiological Adaptations

1. Can drink up to ~35 gallons of water at once.
2. Able to consume saline water unsafe for most animals.
3. Highly efficient metabolism conserves water and energy.

Feeding Adaptations

1. Tough, leathery lips allow feeding on:

• Thorny shrubs
• Bitter plants
• Highly saline desert vegetation

Protection from Desert Conditions

1. Long eyelashes and a third eyelid protect eyes from sandstorms.
2. Closable nostrils prevent inhalation of sand and cold air.

Cultural & Strategic Importance (India)

1. Integral to Ladakhi nomadic life and economy.
2. Used historically and presently by the Indian Army for transport in high-altitude terrains.
3. Symbol of cold-desert resilience and border heritage.