In News: Analysis of human blood samples (2003–2021) shows an 86% decline in older PFAS levels, mainly due to the phasing out of their production by manufacturers.
Forever Chemicals (PFAS)
What are PFAS?
- PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances) are a large group of synthetic, highly persistent, toxic chemicals.
- Known as “Forever Chemicals” because they do not degrade easily in the environment.
Why are they Persistent?
- PFAS contain strong carbon–fluorine (C–F) bonds, one of the strongest chemical bonds.
- This makes them resistant to heat, water, and chemical breakdown.
Common Uses
Household Products:
- Non-stick cookware
- Food packaging (microwave popcorn bags)
- Textiles and stain-resistant fabrics
- Cosmetics and personal care products
- Floor and car polish
Industrial Uses:
- Fire-fighting foams
- Electronics and chemical manufacturing
- Aerospace and defence applications
Environmental Pathways
- PFAS leach into soil, groundwater, rivers, and air during production and disposal.
- They bioaccumulate and biomagnify across food chains.
- Once released, they remain in ecosystems for decades or longer.
Human Exposure
- Drinking contaminated water
- Consuming contaminated food (fish, dairy, crops)
- Use of PFAS-containing consumer products
- Inhalation of PFAS-laden dust or air
Because PFAS do not break down easily, repeated exposure leads to accumulation in blood and tissues.
Health Impacts
Scientific studies link PFAS exposure to:
- Weakened immune response
- Liver and thyroid disorders
- Elevated cholesterol and blood pressure
- Developmental issues in infants
- Increased risk of kidney and testicular cancers
Regulation & Global Action
- Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs):
- Lists PFOS and PFOA for restriction/elimination
- Many countries have phased out older PFAS, explaining declining blood levels.
- Concern remains over replacement PFAS, which may also be persistent.
IAS-2026 - OPTIONAL / GEOGRAPHY / PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION / SOCIOLOGY / ANTHROPOLOGY / ORIENTATION ON 03 & 04-10-2025 
