The core of the news lies in the life and sacrifice of GurTegh Bahadur, the Ninth Sikh Guru. His martyrdom is one of the most significant events in Indian history.
Period and Context: GurTegh Bahadur lived during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb (1658–1707). This period was marked by the Emperor's attempts to enforce rigid religious policies and undertake forced conversions, especially in Kashmir.
The Supreme Sacrifice (1675): The Gurwas approached by Kashmiri Pandits who sought protection from religious persecution and forced conversion to Islam. GurTegh Bahadur chose to defend the religious freedom (or dharma) of a community that was not his own. He was arrested, tortured, and publicly executed in Chandni Chowk, Delhi, on Aurangzeb's orders after refusing to convert.
The Title 'Hind Di Chadar': This title, meaning the 'Shield of India' (or Protector of the Hindreligion), was bestowed upon him for his ultimate sacrifice in defending the freedom of conscience and religious practice for all people, irrespective of their faith. His act of martyrdom was a stand for human rights against state tyranny.
Legacy: His martyrdom profoundly influenced his son, GurGobind Singh (the Tenth Sikh Guru), who subsequently organized the Sikh community into the Khalsa in 1699, emphasizing the dual character of the saint-soldier to defend righteousness and combat oppression.
IAS-2026 - OPTIONAL / GEOGRAPHY / PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION / SOCIOLOGY / ANTHROPOLOGY / ORIENTATION ON 03 & 04-10-2025 
