Context: A recent study revealed that over 60,000 African penguins died of starvation between 2004–2011 due to the collapse of sardine fish stocks, highlighting the species’ vulnerability to changes in marine ecosystems.
Taxonomy & Identification
- Scientific Name: Spheniscus demersus
- Family: Spheniscidae
- Distinct Features:
- Flightless, marine-adapted bird.
- Black stripe across chest with unique black spots.
- Pink glands above the eyes help regulate body temperature, becoming pinker in heat.
- Annual moulting: Lose almost 50% of body mass during a 21-day feather shed.
Habitat & Distribution
- Marine and coastal environments; remains within ~40 km of the shore.
- Breeds, moults, and rests onshore.
- Geographical Range: Coastal Namibia and Atlantic coast of South Africa.
Breeding & Life Cycle
- Breeding occurs in burrows dug into guano deposits, which protect eggs and chicks from extreme heat.
- Average lifespan in the wild: ~20 years.
Threats
- Food Scarcity: Collapse of sardine and anchovy stocks leads to starvation.
- Climate Change: Global warming alters marine and atmospheric conditions, affecting prey availability and habitat suitability.
- Human Activities: Oil spills, overfishing, and coastal development threaten breeding and foraging areas.
Conservation Status
- IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered.
- Conservation efforts include:
- Habitat protection and guano habitat restoration.
- Fish stock management to ensure sufficient food supply.
- Awareness and eco-tourism to support local conservation initiatives.
IAS-2026 - OPTIONAL / GEOGRAPHY / PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION / SOCIOLOGY / ANTHROPOLOGY / ORIENTATION ON 03 & 04-10-2025 
