Typhoon Kalmaegi has killed at least 142 and left another 127 missing after catastrophic oods in the central Philippines.
About Typhoon:
A typhoon is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, west of the dateline, and north of the equator.
Equivalent terms: Hurricane (Atlantic & Northeast Pacific) and Cyclone (South Pacific & Indian Ocean).
Conditions for Typhoon Formation
oWarm Ocean Waters: Sea surface temperature ≥26°C up to a depth of at least 50 meters is necessary to provide energy through evaporation.
oHigh Humidity in the Troposphere: Moist air in the lower and middle troposphere supports condensation and latent heat release, fueling the cyclone.
oPre-existing Low-Pressure Area: A disturbance or low-pressure system over the ocean acts as the initial trigger for cyclonic rotation.
oCoriolis Force: Sufficient distance from the equator (usually >5° latitude) is needed for the Coriolis effect to induce rotation of the system.
oLow Vertical Wind Shear: Weak differences in wind speed or direction with height allow the storm to develop vertically and organize, preventing its disruption.
IAS-2026 - OPTIONAL / GEOGRAPHY / PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION / SOCIOLOGY / ANTHROPOLOGY / ORIENTATION ON 03 & 04-10-2025 
