Context
Bangladesh has become the 8th country in the world to introduce the Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) into its national immunization programme (2025).
Supported by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, WHO, and UNICEF.
Aims to prevent typhoid among millions of children — especially in densely populated, high-risk regions.
About Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV)
Type: Single-dose, injectable vaccine.
Target: Protects against Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi — the bacterium causing typhoid fever.
Mechanism: Triggers immune response by producing antibodies against S. Typhi.
Example: Typbar TCV (manufactured by Bharat Biotech, India).
Administration: Can be given to children as young as 6 months of age — offers long-term protection.
Advantages over Earlier Typhoid Vaccines
About Typhoid Fever
Causative Agent: Salmonella Typhi (bacterium).
Transmission: Feco-oral route — via contaminated food or water.
Symptoms:
Prolonged high fever
Headache and fatigue
Abdominal pain
Constipation or diarrhoea
Loss of appetite and nausea
Public Health Significance
Global burden: ~9 million cases annually; over 110,000 deaths (WHO).
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR): Growing resistance of S. Typhi to multiple antibiotics has made vaccination a key preventive measure.
India’s Role: India was among the first countries to develop and license TCV (Typbar), highlighting its contribution to global vaccine innovation.
IAS-2026 - OPTIONAL / GEOGRAPHY / PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION / SOCIOLOGY / ANTHROPOLOGY / ORIENTATION ON 03 & 04-10-2025 
