In News:
The Pampadum Shola National Park in Kerala, once dominated by invasive Australian wattles (Acacia species), is witnessing a remarkable ecological transformation. Native shola–grassland ecosystems, streams, and indigenous flora and fauna are being restored through active ecological management and invasive species removal.
Ecological Significance
Represents the southernmost shola–grassland mosaic in the Western Ghats — one of the oldest mountain systems, predating the Himalayas.
Acts as a vital wildlife corridor connecting Western Ghats ecosystems.
Supports high endemism, particularly among flora, avifauna, and small mammals.
Source region for numerous perennial streams feeding local river systems.
Flora
Shola forests interspersed with montane grasslands.
Rich in medicinal plants, orchids, ferns, and native herbs.
Current restoration efforts aim to eradicate invasive Acacia (Australian wattle) to revive native vegetation.
Fauna
Endemic and threatened species include:
Nilgiri Marten (Endangered)
Kerala Laughing Thrush (Endemic)
Black-and-Orange Flycatcher
Nilgiri Langur, Indian Giant Squirrel, and several amphibians and reptiles adapted to high-altitude shola habitats.
Conservation Focus
Removal of invasive wattles that degraded native grasslands and water sources.
Grassland restoration improving soil moisture and stream regeneration.
Community involvement in conservation and eco-restoration.
Monitoring biodiversity recovery post-restoration.
Ecological Revival Impact
Revival of stream flow and soil moisture balance.
Regeneration of native grasses and shrubs.
Return of insect, amphibian, and bird species once displaced by wattles.
Enhanced carbon sequestration and local climate regulation.
IAS-2026 - OPTIONAL / GEOGRAPHY / PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION / SOCIOLOGY / ANTHROPOLOGY / ORIENTATION ON 03 & 04-10-2025 
